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The maximum angle of inclination of a rock layer, measured downward from the horizontal plane. Dip is always perpendicular to strike. Stereographic Projections (Stereonets)

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) hosts thousands of open-source PDFs. These include structural geology maps, field manuals, and regional tectonic histories.

Figure 5.2: Refolded folds (Type 3 interference pattern). Early folds (F1) are refolded by a later generation (F2) with a perpendicular axial plane, creating dome-and-basin patterns.

Squeezes rock bodies together (common at convergent plate boundaries). structural geology pdf

Highly visual, featuring excellent 3D diagrams and clean explanations of both brittle and ductile structures. Ideal for undergraduate and graduate students alike.

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Determining the movement paths of rocks during deformation.

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Folds occur when originally flat surfaces bend or curve due to compressive stress: These include structural geology maps, field manuals, and

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